أمــــــل الحيـــــــاة مديرة المنتدى
دولتي : وظيفتي : طالبــــة هوايتي : تصفح النت لوني : بنفسجي رسالتي : حكمتي في الحياة : المؤمن كالورقة الخضراء لا يسقط مهما هبت العواصف مساهماتي : 914 موقعي : https://sama3.forumarabia.com تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012
| موضوع: Morphology الجمعة أكتوبر 12, 2012 6:12 pm | |
| Morphology
"The Consonants" + + +
*Consonants: +Are sounds in which the air stream is modified by the organs of speech.
+ + + 1) Fricatives consonants: +Are sounds in which the air stream is stopped at some point in the mouth then released quickly with friction. << ممكن تكتفون بهذا +Are sounds in which the air passes with friction. + + + a)labial dental: + Are sounds in which the lips contact with the teeth (the upper teeth is touching the lower lip).( f, v) + + + b)dental: the tip of the tongue is touching the upper teeth. (θ, ð) + + + c)alveolar: the tip and the blade of the tongue is very closed the alveolar ridge. (s, z) + + + 2) Affricates: << هذا أشمل + Are sounds in which the air is stopped the air at some points inside the mouth, then released slowly +Are sounds in which the air passes slowly. + + + 3) Plosives (stop) consonants: +Are sounds in which the air stream is stopped at some points in the mouth and then released quickly with plosion . + + + a)bilabial: +The lips are pressed together (p, b). + + + b)alveolar: +Are sounds in which the tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge. (t, d) + + + c)velar: + Are sounds in which the back of the tongue is pressed against the area where the hard palate ends and the soft palate begins.(k, g) + + + 4)Nasal consonants: +Are sounds in which the soft palate is lowered : *To shut off the mouth cavity. *To prevent the air to go through the mouth (oral) cavity. *To let the air go through the nasal cavity. + + +
5)lateral consonants: +A sounds in which the air passes along the both sides of the tongue or mouth. + + + 6)Gliding consonants: +Are sounds in which articulator approach each other but never get sufficiently closed together to produce a complete consonant sound so that we call them semivowel. + + +
"Vowels" + + + *Vowels : are sound in which there is no obstruction (nothing prevent) there as it passes from the larynx to the lips .. + + + *THE NATURE OF VOWELS!! + all the vowels are oral sounds + all the vowels are voiced sounds + there is different between the vowels and this different is determined by the shape and the position of the tongue .. + + + *TYPES OF VOWELS!! + Front, Central, Back Front Central Back i beat bird u Foot-boom I bit up Fall-book e bait pat o Foal-nate bet bat + + + *Diphthong : which is a compound vowel made by pronouncing two vowels quickly one after another .. In all diphthongs the first sound is (loader, stronger ) than the second one .. + + + *Intonation: the pitch level of voice. - The tone of voice. + + + *Syllable : is a group of sounds which made with single puff of air + + + *Stress: the degree of loudness of force that put on a part of a word. + + +
"Morphology" + + +
*Morphology: + Is the study (form) of language . +It deals with a meaningful forms that made from individual speech sound . ++ ( It's a branch of science that interested in analysis all the basic elements which are used in a language ).
+ + +
*Phone:+The sound in isolation. + + +
*Phoneme:+The sound as a part of the word. + + +
*Idiolect: + Reveals to the individual differences between (among) the user of the same language .. + + +
*Syntax: +It deals with the different ways in which words are arranged to from a complete and correct sentence .. (How to make a sentence) + + +
"Morpheme" + + +
*Morpheme: +It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. + + + *The types of morpheme: 1-free morpheme: +Are words that can stand alone as a single word in language. 2- Bound morpheme: +Are those which can not normally stand alone but they should added another form so that all affixes (suffix or prefix) are bound morpheme. + + +
*Suffix: +Is a word or apart of a word that added at the end of another word (form). Dangerous_ carless + + +
*Prefix: +Is a word or apart of a word that added at the beginning of another word (form). Un - unhappy Pre- requisition Dis-disagree
Care - less - ness** Stem- suffix - suffix Free – bound - bound + + +
*The types of bound morpheme:- 1)Inflectional bound morpheme. 2) Derivational bound morpheme.
+ + + *Inflectional bound morpheme:- +They are not used to produce a new words (but) they show (indicate) the aspects (elements) of grammatical function. +They are used to show if the word (singular or plural.. past or past participle ).
# Note: inflectional bound morpheme (never) change the grammatical category. e.g :- (boy_ boys ) , (play_ played _ played ). + + + *Derivational bound morpheme:- +They are used to make anew words (form) in a language. +They are used to make(introduce) new grammatical category. e.g. :- teach(v) -> teacher (n). care(n) -> careful (adj). work(v) -> worker (n). + + + Q- what is the difference between inflectional and derivational bound morphemes?!
+The difference between them that inflectional bound morpheme (never) change the grammatical category. But derivational bound morpheme (can) change the grammatical category. + + +
+ + +
1) Homophone:- +They are words that read in the same way but spelt differently. e.g :- (right_ write) , (meet_ meat) , (off_ of ).
+ + + 2)Homograph:- +They are words that spelt in the same way but read differently. e.g :- minute (time). minute (details).
+ + + -Some examples of affixes (prefix and suffix) :-
+Unhappy -> happy. +Careful -> care. +Ungrateful -> grate. +Carelessness -> care.
+ + + *Ungrateful : +Un -> bound (prefix). +grate -> free (stem). +ful -> bound (suffix).
+ + +
Word
+ it is a genuine linguistic unit . + it is any segment ( part ) in the sentence . + + +
* the kinds of word : 1- simple words: They are consists of a (free morpheme)- Are words that can stand alone as a single word in a language.- e.g.: girl – play – book
+ + +
2- complex words : They are consists of two kinds :. 1- two pound forms e.g. unless – excluded 2- a pound and free forms e.g. : unhappy – disagree
+ + +
3- compound words : They have free morphemes they are usually consists of two forms. e.g. : outside – go back – green house
+ + + :: comment :: There are some compound words have three or four forms.
+ + +
Good luck
| |
|